Hovercraft Controlled By Android

A hovercraft is a non wheeled vehicle that can hover over land as well as water easily using high powered fans and aerodynamic design. We here propose an advanced hovercraft that uses high rpm motors interfaced with an avr family microntroller to achieve desired functionality. The motor below hovercraft rotates at a very high RPM that allows it to generate a force enough to make it hover on the surface thus reducing the friction below it to minimum. Then we use the motor propeller mounted behind it to push the hovercraft in forward direction. Now we also need to use a servo motor attached to the hovercraft rudder that helps the hovercraft to move in desired directions by bending the air at accurate angles. The system works collectively to hover while continuously managing servo as well as propeller motor to drive the hovercraft as desired. Now to control the hovercraft we here use an android application. The android application sends movement commands to the hovercraft circuit. The circuit consists of an Bluetooth receiver to receive and process these commands. The commands received by receiver are now processed by the microcontroller and it then operates all three motors accordingly as desired by the user

Hardware Specifications Atmega Microcontroller 2 High Power Batteries Hovercraft Base Hovercraft Frame Rudder Frame Air/Water Resistant Float Material Current limiters Diodes Capacitors Resistors High Power Motors 2 Propellers Voltage Regulator Bluetooth Decoder	Software Specifications AVR Studio MC Programming Language: Embedded C
Block Diagram:

 

Smart Wireless Battery Charging With Charge Monitor Project

The project is a device to transfer power wirelessly instead of using conventional copper cables and current carrying wires and also measure battery charge. It also charges the battery using wireless power transfer concept till it reaches 100% capacity. The concept of wireless power transfer was introduced by Nikolas Tesla. This power is made to be transferred within a small range only for example charging rechargeable batteries etc. For demonstration purposes we have a battery that operates by using wireless power. This requires an electronic circuit for conversion of AC 230V 50Hz to AC 12V, high frequency and this is then fed to a primary coil of an air core transformer. The secondary coil of the transformer develops 12V high frequency. The system also measures the charge in the battery and charges it until it reaches a 00% capacity. For this purpose we use an Avr family microcontroller that constantly measures battery charges and charges battery automatically until it reaches 100% capacity and stops charging the battery as soon as the charge reaches 100%. Therefore by this way the power gets transferred through primary coil to secondary coil that are separated by certain distance around 4cm. The range may be increased by increasing coil size accordingly. Here the primary coil acts as transmitter and secondary coil receives the power to run a load. This project can be used to charge batteries of a various devices and applications such as battery charged scooters and vehicles without plugging in as well as measure their charge.

 

Hardware Specifications Microcontroller 8051 family Transformer Regulator LCD Display Copper Coils	Software Specifications AVR studio MC Programming Language: Embedded C

 

Human Speed Detection Project

The main aim of this project is to detect speed of human. Thus this system proves very beneficial in areas of sports. In order o record the speed of humans, this system uses a handheld radar gun pointing towards the person of whose speed is to be detected. In case of running race, it may be required to detect speed of the participants to take the decision or for some other reason. The proposed system calculates the speed by considering the time taken parameter to travel from start to end point. For this IR transmitter and receiver are installed on either of the road side on the set points. Calculation of the time taken by the human is done by the control unit. The speed of the human is displayed on an LCD Screen.

Hardware Specifications 8051 series Microcontroller Transistor Photodiode Transformer LCD Display Buzzer Capacitors Resistors Diodes	Software Specifications Keil µVision IDE MC Programming Language: Embedded C
Block Diagram

 

Advanced Military Spying & Bomb Disposal Robot

 This system is very beneficial in areas where there is high risk for humans to enter. This system makes use of robotic arm as well as robotic vehicle which helps not only to enter an area involving high risk but also to pick whatever object it wants to. The system also includes night vision camera which will not only allow viewing whatever will be recorded in day time but also during night. The whole system is controlled via RF remote. The system sends commands to the receiving circuit mounted on the vehicle through push buttons. The receiving circuit involves 8051 microcontroller and a receiver which receives commands sent by the transmitting circuit. At first the system is set to control the movement of vehicle. In order to set the system in a mode that operates the arm. At first the user needs to press the push buttons for moving the vehicle in whichever direction it wants i.e. forward, backward, right or left direction. In order to make the arm movement, the user needs to long press the forward and backward push buttons. Thus this system makes use of camera, robotic arm and robotic vehicle to enter a high risk involving area and also to pick, move and drop an object as well as record the place wherever the system goes and later view it for future reference.

Hardware Specifications 8051 series Microcontroller Push Buttons RF module Encoder IC Decoder IC Regulator IC Motor driver IC DC motors Robotic Vehicle Body Wireless Camera Camera Receiver Capacitors Resistors Voltage Regulator Crystal Led’s	Software Specifications Keil µVision IDE MC Programming Language: Embedded C

 

 

 

 

PC Based Home Automation

Our proposed system allows user to automate his/her home appliances through simple mouse clicks. We bring the entire home automation functionality on users PC. User may operate all lights fans easily while working on his/her PC bys simply clicking on a user friendly computer application. Here we use serial communication to communicate between the PC and microcontroller based circuit. The microcontroller is used to receive and decode load switching commands sent theough PC serially and then operate loads accordingly. Our system also allows user to get status of loads current status. In this case the pc sends a status request to the microcontroller circuit and the microcontroller then retrieves the load status and sends this data serially to the PC. The PC appilcation now receives the data and displays the results to the user. Thus this system demonstrates the use of microcontroller
based PC home automation system.
Note: This project only works on Computers having Serial communication port, which is usually present in desktop computers not on laptops

Hardware Specifications 8051 series Microcontroller Diodes Relays Voltage Regulator Crystal LED Relay Driver IC PC Transformer Lamps	Software Specifications Keil µVision IDE MC Programming Language: Embedded C
Block Diagram

 

Alcohol Sensing Alert with Engine Locking Project

We usually come across drink and driving cases where drunk drivers crash their cars under the influence of alcohol causing damage to property and life. So here we propose an innovative system to eliminate such cases. Our proposed system would be constantly monitoring the driver breath by placing it on the driver wheel or somewhere the drivers breath can be constantly monitored by it. So if a driver is drunk and tries to drive the system detects alcohol presence in his/her breath and locks the engine so that the vehicle fails to start. In another case if the driver is not drunk while he starts the vehicle and engine is started but he/she drinks while driving the sensor still detects alcohol in his breath and stops the engine so that the car would not accelerate any further and driver can steer it to roadside. In this system we use an AVR family microcontroller interfaced with an alcohol sensor along with an LCD screen and a dc motor to demonstrate the concept. So here the alcohol sensor is used to monitor users breath and constantly sends signals to the microcontroller. The microcontroller on encountering high alcohol signal from the alcohol sensor displays alcohol detection note on LCD screen and also stops the dc motor to demonstrate as engine locking. The system needs a push button to start the engine. If alcohol is detected at the time of starting the engine the engine does not start at all. If alcohol is detected after engine starting, the system locks the engine at that time.

Hardware Specifications Alcohol sensor DC Motor Microcontroller Lcd Buzzer	Software Specifications AVR Studio MC Programming Language: Embedded C
Block Diagram

 

Vehicle Movement Based Street Lights With External Light Sensing

The main aim of this project is that it saves energy by putting on the lights of the system only when the system detects movement of vehicle. The system switches on the street light ahead of the vehicle and switches off the trailing lights simultaneously. In order to detect movement of vehicles, sensors are used. The system automatically puts on the lights that are ahead of the vehicle detected and as soon as the vehicle moves ahead, the trailing lights are switched off. This is better than the existing system where the street lights are kept on always unlike this system where the street lights are put on only when movement of vehicle is detected which helps in saving lot of energy. During day time these lights are dim as this system has the capability to sense external lights. Thus this system senses the external light and then accordingly switches ON or OFF the street lights. It uses PWM to control the intensity through microcontroller. The IR sensors sense the vehicle movements and send it to a 8051 family microcontroller that initiates commands for switching the lights ON/OFF

Hardware Specifications 8051 series microcontroller LEDs Transformer IR LEDs Diodes Light Sensor Transistors Voltage Regulator Photodiodes	Software Specifications Keil µVision IDE MC Programming Language: Embedded C
Block Diagram

 

Cell Phone Detector Circuit

The most common electronic equipment used is cell phones. With advancement in communication technology, the requirement of cell phones has increased manifold. A cell phone typically transmits and receives signals in the frequency range of 0.9 to 3GHz. This article provides a simple circuit to detect the presence of an activated cell phone by detecting these signals.

 Basic Principle of Mobile Phone Detector Circuit:

The basic principle behind this circuit is the idea of using a Schottky diode to detect the cell phone signal. Mobile phone signal is in the frequency range of 0.9 to 3GHZ.  Schottky diodes have a unique property of being able to rectify low frequency signals, with low noise rate. When an inductor is placed near the RF signal source, it receives the signal through mutual induction. This signal is rectified by the Schottky diode. This low power signal can be amplified and used to power any indicator like an LED in this case.

Circuit Diagram of Cell Phone Detector:

Circuit Components:

• V1 = 12V
• L1 = 10uH
• R1 = 100Ohms
• C1 = 100nF
• R2 = 100K
• R3 = 3K
• Q1 = BC547
• R4 = 200 Ohms
• R5 = 100 Ohms
• IC1= LM339
• R6 = 10 Ohms
• LED = Blue LED

Cell Phone Detector Circuit Design:

Detector Circuit Design:

The detector circuit consists of an inductor, diode, a capacitor and a resistor.  Here an inductor value of 10uH is chosen. A Schottky diode BAT54 is chosen as the detector diode, which can rectify low frequency AC signal. The filter capacitor chosen in a 100nF ceramic capacitor, used to filter out AC ripples. A load resistor of 100 Ohms is used.

Amplifier Circuit Design:

Here a simple BJT BC547 is used in common emitter mode. Since the output signal is of low value, the emitter resistor is not required in this case. The collector resistor value is determined by the value of battery voltage, collector emitter voltage and collector current. Now the battery voltage is chosen to be 12 V (since maximum open source collector emitter voltage for BC 547 is 45V), operating point collector emitter voltage is 5 V and collector current is 2 mA. This gives a collector resistor of approx 3 K. Thus a 3 K resistor is used as Rc. The input resistor is used to provide bias to the transistor and should be of larger value, so as to prevent the flow of maximum current. Here we chose a resistor value of 100 K.

Comparator circuit Design:

Here LM339 is used as comparator. The reference voltage is set at the inverting terminal using a potential divider arrangement. Since output voltage from the amplifier is quite low, the reference voltage is set low of the order of 4V. This is achieved by selecting a resistor of 200 Ohms and a potentiometer of 330 Ohms.  An output resistor of value 10 Ohms is used as a current limiting resistor.

Mobile Phone Tracking Circuit Operation:

In normal condition, when there is no RF signal, the voltage across the diode will be negligible. Even though this voltage is amplified by the transistor amplifier, yet the output voltage is less than the reference voltage, which is applied to the inverting terminal of the comparator. Since the voltage at non inverting terminal of the OPAMP is less than the voltage at the inverting terminal, the output of the OPAMP is low logic signal.

Now when a mobile phone is present near the signal, a voltage is induced in the choke and the signal is demodulated by the diode. This input voltage is amplified by the common emitter transistor. The output voltage is such that it is more than the reference output voltage. The output of the OPAMP is thus a logic high signal and the LED starts glowing, to indicate the presence of a mobile phone. The circuit has to be placed centimeters away from the object to be detected.

Mobile Phone Signal Detection using Schottky Diode:

The signal from mobile phone is a RF signal. When a mobile phone is present near the circuit, the RF signal from the mobile induces a voltage in the inductor via mutual induction. This AC signal of high frequency of the order of GHz is rectified by the Schottky diode. The output signal is filtered by the capacitor. Schottky diodes are special diodes formed by combining N type semiconductor material with a metal and are typically low noise diodes, operating at a high frequency. These diodes have a unique property of conducting at a very low forward voltage between 0.15 to 0.45V. This enables the diode to provide high switching speed and better system efficiency.  The low noise is due to the very low reverse recovery time of about 100 per sec.

Signal Amplifier using BJT:

BJT or bipolar junction transistor in its common emitter form is the most common amplifier used. A transistor amplifier works on the fact that the input base current is amplified to the output collector current by a factor of β. Here the emitter is the common terminal. The circuit is biased using a voltage divider circuit formed by combination of two resistors. When a transistor is biased in active region, i.e. the emitter base junction is forward biased and the collector base junction is reverse biased, a small base current results in a larger collector current.

LM339 as Comparator:

LM339 is a comparator IC containing 4 comparators. Here we are using only one comparator. When the voltage at non inverting (+) terminal is higher than the voltage at inverting terminal, the output voltage goes high. When the voltage at inverting terminal is higher, the output voltage goes low.

Cell Phone Detector Circuit Applications:

1. This circuit can be used at examination halls, meetings to detect presence of mobile phones and prevent the use of cell phones.
2. It can be used for detecting mobile phones used for spying and unauthorized transmission of audio and video.
3. It can be used to detect stolen mobile phones.

Limitations of Mobile Phone Detector Circuit:

1. It is a low range detector, of the order of centimetres.
2. The Schottky diode with higher barrier height is less sensitive to small signals.

Automatic Light Intensity Controller By External Light Sensing

Nowadays highways are lightened by using High Intensity Lamps. The disadvantage of this High Intensity Lamps is that it consumes a lot of energy and another disadvantage of this is that the intensity cannot be varied according to the requirement. To overcome this limitation, this system “Automatic Light Intensity Controller by External Light Sensing Project” is developed. To overcome the limitations specified above, it makes use of LED’s (Light Emitting Diodes) as light source and simultaneously its intensity can be varied and controlled as per the need. The programmable instructions to control the intensity by producing pulse width modulated signals which drives a MOSFET to switch LEDs to achieve required results are fed into the 8051 family microcontroller. Our system also senses external lighting conditions to vary the light intensity. Based on external lighting conditions the intensity of inner lights is varied using PWM. So when external light is low, the light intensity is high and as external light increases our decreases to save power.

Hardware Specifications Transformer Diodes White LEDs Crystal 8051 series Microcontroller Light Sensor MOSFET LEDs	Software Specifications Keil µVision IDE MC Programming Language: Embedded C
Block Diagram

 

Metal Detector Robotic Vehicle

Land mines buried under the ground causes threat to the lives and affect the economy of the nation. Detection and removing of these mines manually is a dangerous task, which may sometimes causes accidents. In such situations robots aid in detection of the land mines. Not only  land mines, these robots can be used to detect any other metals presented in the ground. This article explains the metal detection robot that uses RF technology. Before going to know about this metal detector robotic vehicle, get an idea about how a metal detector circuit works.

Wireless Metal Detector Robot Circuit Principle:

The proposed system consists of transmitter and receiver circuit. The transmitter circuit transmits the commands required to operate the robot. The receiver circuit receives these commands through RF and moves the robot according to the received commands. A metal detector is interfaced to the controller in the receiver side. Thus whenever any metal is detected the robot stops there and buzzer starts ringing.

Wireless Metal Detector Robot Circuit Diagram:

Transmitter Circuit:

Metal Detector Robot – Transmitter

Receiver Circuit: 

Metal Detector Robot – Receiver Circuit

Circuit Components:

Hardware Components:

• AT89c51 microcontroller.
• RF encoder and decoder
• RF transmitter and receiver pair.
• Push buttons.
• Buzzer.
• Robot.
• L293d
• Rs 232 cable.

Software Components:

• Keil software
• Flash magic
• Proteus.

Circuit Design of Metal Detector Robot using Microcontroller:

The metal detection robot project can be divided into sections 1) Transmitter section, 2) Receiver section.
The transmitter section consists of RF encoder, RF transmitter and Push buttons. RF encoder IC used here is HT12E.It is an 18 pin IC .The 4-bit binary input is applied to the decoder through the AD0, AD1, AD2, AD3 pins. The TE pin enables the transmission when it is low.A0-A7 are the address pins used for secured transmission. These pins are connected to ground in the transmitter circuit. The 4-bit data is transmitted to the RF transmitter parallelly. This is transmitted to the RF receiver serially. Input is given to the encoder through buttons. The RF pair operates with a frequency of 434 kHz.
Receiver section consists of AT89c51 microcontroller, RF decoder, RF receiver, metal detector, buzzer, L293d IC and robot.
The data received is applied to the RF decoder. The RF decoder used here is HT12D. Decoded inputs are connected port 2 of the microcontroller. The four data pins D0-D3 are connected to the Port P2.0 – P2.3.The decoded data is applied to the microcontroller which controls the movement of the robot. The buzzer is connected to the port 3.4 and this rings when any metal is detected in its path.
 Metal detector is connected to the pin 3.2 of the microcontroller. Here in place of metal detector a push button is connected. Metal detector plays a main role in the circuit. This will have an oscillator inside it, which produces an alternating current that passes through the coil producing an alternating magnetic field. When any metal is present near the coil this induces magnetic field and thus it can be detected by using another coil which detects the change in the field.
L293d is a motor driving IC .This IC is used to drive the motors.L293d has h-bridge internally. To know more about this IC refer L293D Datasheet.

Wireless Metal Detection Robot Circuit Working:

• Initially burn the code into the microcontroller using flash magic.
• Now switch on the power supply for the circuit.
• Now send the command ‘1’ using the transmitter.
• This is transmitted to the receiver.
• At the receiver side receiver receives these commands and moves the robot according to the commands.
• The following commands moves the robot in the specified directions
  • Forward
  • Backward
  • Left
  • Right
• While robot is moving if any metal is detected in its path, the robot stops there ringing the buzzer.
• Again it starts moving when the commands are sent from the transmitter.

Metal Detector Robot Circuit Algorithm:

• Initially, declare port2 as input as this is connected to the decoded input.
• Now declare port1 as output as the motor pins of the robot are connected to the port1.
• Enable the external interrupt.
• Now check the input of port2.
• If the received value is equal to 1 then move the robot in forward direction by making port value as 0x01.similarly move the robot according to the input value.
• When interrupt occurs make the output pins to the motor low. This is written in ISR.

Microcontroller based Metal Detector Robot Applications:

• These robots are used in detecting landmines.
• Robots are used for in detecting the minerals present in the ground.
• These robots are used for detecting the bombs.
• These can be used in construction industry  for locating steel bars present in concrete.
• They are used in airports and building security to detect the weapons. 

Limitations of the Circuit:

The transmitter can operate the robot only in the range of RF that is approximately 30 metres.

 

Car Parking Guard Circuit Using Infrared Sensor

 

Introduction: While parking the car the driver should be more careful because he cannot see the back of the car while parking or taking reverse, if there is any obstacle and ran over it might be  get damage to the car. Our project will help the person in the driving seat and give alarm if there is any obstacle or a wall while parking or while driving in reverse.

Block Diagram of Car Parking Guard:

 

The IR sensor will detect the obstacle with in 100cm, if there is any obstacle it will sense and give information to the tone detector which will enable the LM555 timer to generate a PWM for the buzzer. The LM555 will generate the pulse which helps to buzz the buzzer so driver can understand that there is an obstacle.

Main Component Explanation:

LM567: is a tone detector which can interpret the frequency generated by the other component and give the output according to the application designed by the engineer. For example if a component is attached to the input of LM567 which can generate a 40 kHz signal , but we to function the following circuit when the component has reached to the 40KHz. At this decision making we will use tone detector. The tone detector is mainly used in touch tone decoders, ultrasonic controls, frequency monitoring and control etc.

LM555: is a timer which can generate a PWM signals in various width and duty cycles. The 555 timer is mainly used to control the other peripherals like motors, detectors, regulators etc.

IR Sensor: the main function of the IR sensor is to produce a beam for certain distance (the distance of the beam is always depends on the IR sensor, different IR sensor have different range of beam distance) if the there is any obstacle in the beam it will conduct and give signal.

Photo Darlington Transistor: the photo darlington transistor will act as a photo detectors. They will conduct to the light or electro magnetic signals. The main function of this transistor is to amplify the input signal of the transistor. But it will work slowly when compared to the other transistors. It is having a maximum frequency of 20 KHz.

Circuit Diagram of Car Parking Guard:Explanation:

• The reverse indicator light supply is given to the 7805 regulator to give 5v to the rest of the circuit. The diode D6 is used to eliminate the reverse current and wrong supply polarity.
• When the car is driving in reverse the car battery will provide DC supply the reverse light indicator at the back of the car when this supply came to the reverse light indicator the circuit will have the power supply.7805 will regulate the DC voltage to 5V and give to the IR Sensors through the transistor with 20 KHz modulating frequency of the LM567 (TONE DETECTOR) available at Pin5. The resistor R1 will resists the IR senor current. At this point the pin8 of LM567 is high which will enable the LM555 timer operating in astable multivibrator mode. The output of the timer is enabled which can be assured by the LED (blinking) and also buzzer will beeps at determined rate given by the resistors R6, R7 and capacitor C7. The timer output also is given to the lamp through a transistor. The lamp will blink as a warning signal because of the PWM signal generated by the timer, transistor will work as a switch and resistor R10 will limit the current. This condition is maintained until the 20 KHz signal is received by the pin3 of the LM567.
• The above condition is when there is no obstacle in the path of the car while taking reverse. If there is a obstacle the IR beam will radiate back to the IR sensor and the 20KHz modulated signal is given to the pin3 of LM567 through photo Darlington transistor, at this point the pin8 of the LM567 is turned to low and also gets locked to detect the 20Khz signal. By this the LM555 is turned low and disabled by this the led will remain lighting and buzzer makes the continuous sound to alert the driver.

Note: This complete circuitry will be attached to the back bumper and placed at the center. The buzzer and led should be placed on the dash board for visibility of light and hearing purpose for the driver.

Make the connection to the reverse indicator light and the circuit in parallel and beware of the polarity.

Ultrasonic Radar Project

We come across situations where we need to keep a watch over prohibited areas to avoid trespassing. Now keeping human labour for this purpose is costly and also not reliable for keeping a watch over an area 24×7. So for this purpose an ultrasonic radar project for unauthorized human / animal or object detection system. The system can monitor an area of limited range and alerts authorities with a buzzer as an alarm. For this purpose we use a microcontroller circuit that is connected to an ultrasonic sensor mounted on a servo motor for monitoring.
We also interface a buzzer and LCD screen for monitoring the detection status. The radar keeps monitoring the environment checking the ultrasonic sensor echo. As soon as an object is detected the data of detection is processed and sent to authorities with an alert of where exactly the object was detected. Thus ultrasonic radar proves to be a very useful system for 24×7 monitoring of a particular area/region.

Hardware Specifications

• 8051 series Microcontroller
• Diodes
• LCD
• Ultrasonic module
• Servo Motor
• Transformer
• LED
• Transistor
• Crystal
• 
  Software Specifications
• Keil µVision IDE
• MC Programming Language: Embedded C

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Water Level Controller using 8051 Microcontroller

This article explains you how to detect and control the water level in an overhead tank or any other container. This system monitors the water level of the tank and automatically switches ON the motor when ever tank is empty. The motor is switched OFF when the overhead tank or container is FULL. Here the water level of the tank is indicated on LCD (Liquid crystal Display). Using this system, we can avoid the overflow of the water. We have already seen How water level indicator circuit works using AVR Microcontroller in the earlier post. But, here we are designing the circuit which is used to detect and control the water level automatically in overhead tank using 8051 microcontroller.
In this system water sensing can be done by using a set of 4 wires which are placed at different levels in tank. DC supply probe is placed at the base of the tank.

 

Water Level Controller using 8051 Circuit Principle:

This system mainly works on a principle that “water conducts electricity”. The four wires which are dipped into the tank will indicate the different water levels. Based on the outputs of these wires, microcontroller displays water level on LCD as well as controls the motor.

Water Level Controller using 8051 Circuit Diagram:

Circuit Diagram of Water Level Controller using 8051 Microcontroller

Circuit Components:

• At89c51 controller
• At89c51 programming board.
• 16*2 LCD
• 5V Relay
• Bc547 (NPN) transistors – 5
• Resistors (1K) – 4
• Resistor – 330 ohm
• AC Motor
• Pot – 10k
• Programming cable
• Connecting wires

Water Level Controller using 8051 Circuit Design:

The main heart of this project is AT89C51 microcontroller. The water level probes are connected to the P3.0, P3.1, P3.2, and P3.3 through the transistors. Port P2 connected to the data pins of LCD and control pins RS, RW and EN of LCD are connected to the P1.0, P1.1, and P1.2 respectively.
Initially when tank is empty, LCD will display the message EMPTY and motor runs automatically. When water level reaches to quarter level, now LCD displays QUARTER and still motor runs. For further levels, LCD displays the messages HALF and ¾ FULL.
When tank is full, LCD displays FULL and motor automatically stops. Again motor runs when tank is empty.

Related Post: Also read the interesting concept about How water level alarm circuit works using 555 Timer.

Algorithm for Water Level Controller Circuit:

• First configure the controller pins P3.0, P3.1, P3.2 and P3.3 as inputs and P3.4 as output.
• Now initialize the LCD.
• Continuously check the water level input pins P3.0, P3.1, P3.2, and P3.3
• If all the pins are low then display tank is empty on LCD and make P3.4 pin high to run the motor automatically.
• High pulse on the pin P3.0 indicates quarter level, display the same thing on LCD.
• If P3.1 is high then water level is half.
• High pulse on P3.2 indicates 3/4^th full of the tank.
• If P3.3 is high then tank is full, now make P3.4 pin is low to turn off the motor automatically.

• How to Operate Water Level Controller Circuit using 8051 Microcontroller?

• Initially burn the program to the controller.
• Now give the connections as per the circuit diagram.
• While giving the connections, make sure that there is no common connection between AC and DC supplies.
• Place the 4 water level indicating wires into the small tank.
• Switch on the supply, now the motor will run automatically as there is no water in the tank.
• Now pour the water, when it reaches to quarter level then LCD displays QUARTER on LCD.
• For further levels it will displays HALF and ¾ FULL on LCD.
• Still if you pour the water then LCD displays FULL and motor turns off automatically when the tank is full.
• Switch off the motor supply and board supply.

• Water Level Controller Circuit Advantages:

• Human effort is reduced as the system controls the motor automatically based on the water level.
• This system consumes less power.
• Simple and more reliable.

Applications of Water Level Controller Circuit using 8051:

• Used in big buildings where the manual monitoring is difficult.
• Used in industries to control the liquid level automatically.

Logic Gate Emulator ECE Mini Project

Logic Gate Emulator ECE Mini Project mainly developed for Electronics final year students. This Logic Gate Emulator is the device that is used for emulating the microcontroller logic gates like NOT OR, AND etc. this device has different switches that is used to select the device. They use SPDT switched for the logic gates and these device have two inputs and one output. They LED as the display for the output. Separate LEDs are provided for the separate gates and they glow for the corresponding gate. The whole operation performed by the microcontroller.

Logic Gate Emulator ECE Mini Project Block Diagram:

 

8051 Micro Controller Description:

Microcontroller is the single chip based device that contain memory, CPU, RAM and ROM. They also contain clock and they control the input and output signals. They are also called computer chip.Every device and products today work on the microcontroller; they are embedded with millions of products. They are used in the appliances and even in the vehicles. A single car has more than 50 microcontrollers.

AT89S52: they are the 8 bit microcontroller with 8k bytes of the available memory flash memory. They are high performance and low power consuming microcontroller. They are developed using the Atmel technology that create nonvolatile memory and they are compatible with the standards of industries. They uses flash memory, it means that they can be re-programmed.
They are made up of monolithic chips. They are less costly and flexible. They have 256 bytes of RAM and they have 32 inputs and output with timer that is based on the watch dog timer. They have two data timers that have three 16-bit timers, and six vectors interrupt architecture. They have serial port that is full duplex and oscillators and clock circuitry. They are based the static logic for performing operations. They have Idle that stops the CPU but the RAM, timers and counters are still working.

Micromax Canvas Nitro: The Giantkiller

Micromax has taken a step forward to retain its grip on the smartphone market. When it launched the Canvas series, the market ignited with the idea of good hardware specifications at a budget price. However, Micromax had to bear competition from the likes of new players such as Xiaomi, Motorola, ZTE, Xolo and Asus. This signifies that the consumer gets more options while the device makers have got more competition. Micromax is back with a bang with its latest offering, the Canvas Nitro. This new phone is democratising technology and provides high-end features for budget phone users.

Build and Design

Micromax Canvas Nitro offers a good design, which is better than its other budget offerings. It features a fully black, plastic front panel and rounded corners that make it look stylish. On its front panel, there is a 5 inches 720p display with three capacitive touch buttons placed below it for navigation. On carefully looking at it, you will find that the phone looks similar to the recently launched ZTE V5.

Display

The Micromax Canvas Nitro smartphone comes with a 5-inch HD display that provides a 720 x 1280p resolution. It offers pretty good viewing angles while the graphics and text appears sharp on the screen. In addition to that, this phone also provides satisfactory sunlight legibility. It also offers good touch sensitivity and is capable of registering even the slightest touch strokes.

Software

The Micromax Canvas Nitro smartphone runs on the latest Android 4.4 KitKat OS. This latest iteration of the Android OS comes with a number of new software features such as Quick Look, which provides a homescreen like the HTC BlinkFeed. It displays news, weather, social updates and a camera widget for swift access to different camera modes and improved lock screen notifications. This smartphone also offers Smart Alerts on the lock screen, which comes with a colour coded band for various notifications like SMS, calls, Facebook, Whatsapp and more. Its Android software also supports screen finger gestures that can be enabled by long touching on the home screen and tapping the Gestures button. This Micromax phone has some preloaded apps such as Clean Master Getit, BookMyShow and Where’s My Water.

Camera

Micromax Canvas Nitro phone sports a 13 MP primary camera with LED flash as well as a 5 MP front-facing camera. Its rear camera takes decent photos in daylight and provides accurate colour reproduction. This phone’s front camera is ideal for video chatting and taking casual selfies.

Performance

The Micromax Canvas Nitro phone is powered by a 1.7 GHz MediaTek MT6592 Octa-core processor with a 2 GB RAM. With this processor, the phone performs smoothly for day-to-day operations. It doesn’t cause any lag while navigating the phone’s menu, launching apps, browsing websites or switching between apps. This phone offers 8 GB internal storage, which proves enough for storing documents, videos and pictures. It is packed with a 2,500 mAh battery that can last for a whole day with mixed to heavy use. Due to such long-lasting battery, you are able to get one to two hours to make calls, play games, shoot photos, listen to music and browse the web. This phone also allows you to play high-end games like Subway Surfer, Subway Surfer and Asphalt 8 without any frame drops or freezes.

With such incredible features, the Micromax Canvas Nitro is, without doubt, a good budget phone. It serves as a good option for people who want to buy a budget phone with advanced features and better performance.